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Type 2 Diabetes & Cognitive Decline: What We Know

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Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is increasing worldwide and raises the risk of both small- and large-vessel complications. Beyond eyes, kidneys, nerves, and heart, T2DM is linked to cognitive impairment—problems with memory, attention, processing speed, and decision-making—that can reduce independence and safety. Understanding how metabolic dysfunction harms the brain helps identify people at risk and guides prevention.

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Ultra-Processed Foods & Type 2 Diabetes: What the Evidence Says

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Ultra-processed foods (UPFs)—industrial formulations with additives (sweeteners, emulsifiers, flavor enhancers) and extensive processing—are increasingly implicated in type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Across multiple large cohorts in Europe, the U.S., and Asia, higher UPF intake is generally associated with a higher T2DM risk, even after adjusting for weight and lifestyle. Not all UPFs behave the same, though: risk appears to vary by subcategory (e.g., sugary beverages vs. whole-grain breakfast cereals).