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Every virologist says creating robust cellular responses is essential for protecting people against infectious diseases. While vaccine immunogenicity evaluations often focus predominantly on antibody responses, generating cellular immunity is crucial for long-term protection.
To appreciate the benefits of any vaccination, measuring T-cell responses is essential, especially for disease outbreaks such as dengue fever, which has four sub-viruses (DENV-1, -2, -3, and -4).

While the chikungunya virus (CHIKV) was first detected in 2014, its measurable impact on public health is just now being recognized in over 100 countries.
According to a Brief Research Report published by Frontiers in Tropical Disease on October 28, 2024, a significant chikungunya outbreak occurred in Minas Gerais, one of the most populous states in Brazil. These researchers analyzed the North and Northeast Health Macroregions of Minas Gerais, with 2.5 million inhabitants.

Tuberculosis (TB) is an ancient yet typically treatable infectious disease. Unfortunately, approximately a quarter of the global population has been infected, and over 1 million people died from TB last year.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), as of October 29, 2024, TB has once again become the world's leading cause of death from a single infectious agent, resulting in nearly twice as many deaths as HIV/AIDS.

Increased risk seen for any occurrences of PASC symptoms and conditions among those with obesity, severe obesity versus healthy weight

Throughout 2024, Dengue virus outbreaks have become significant public health problems. About half of the world's population is now at risk of Dengue.
Unfortunately, new data indicates Dengue's actual impact may be undercounted in areas with virus-type variabilities.
While inapparent infections are often overlooked and do not require immediate medical attention, researchers have assumed that they account for up to 88% of all Dengue transmission events.

For decades, antibiotics have been the primary treatment for urinary tract infections (UTIs) in the United States. However, the growing challenge of antibiotic resistance has prompted the pharmaceutical industry to develop innovative solutions.

Mosquitoes have been spreading diseases like chikungunya, dengue, malaria, and zika for decades. But in 2024, disease outbreaks have been occurring faster than ever before.
Although scientists have learned a lot about these flying virus carriers, identifying one mosquito from the other 3,500 remains a significant challenge. 
Currently, vector surveillance begins with collecting mosquito specimens at sentinel sites and then waiting for an expert to analyze the data. This time-consuming process often provides insights after a few infections have become an outbreak.

Every year, World Polio Day is celebrated on October 24th to raise awareness of the importance of polio vaccination in protecting children.
To ensure a polio-free future for everyone, the World Health Organization (WHO) says efforts must be made to maintain high immunization coverage, implement high-quality surveillance to detect any presence of the poliovirus and prepare responses in the event of an outbreak.