The annual Hajj pilgrimage to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is the largest religious mass gathering in the world. Over the past two decades, up to 3.2 million pilgrims from more than 180 countries have gathered annually in Saudi Arabia for the Hajj.
These pilgrims arrive in Makkah and Madinah from diverse backgrounds, traveling to a confined geographic area, coupled with the close proximity and interactions among them, heightening the potential for spreading infectious diseases and posing unique challenges for public health management and disease control.
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